Alcohol Use and the Alcohol Use Disorders: A Developmental-Biopsychosocial Systems Formulation Covering the Life Course

ALCOHOLISM AND THE ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS 620 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND ISSUES FOR THE FIELD 621 EPIDEMIOLOGY 623 A MULTILEVEL NET FOR DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION 625 VARIATIONS IN RISK AND COURSE OF THE DISORDER 628 Differences in Alcohol Nonspecific-Risk Structure for Later Disorder Are Present in Early Childhood 629 Heterogeneity in the Course of Risk and Heterogeneity of Nonspecific Risk 632 Heterogeneity of Alcohol-Specific Risk: Prolegomenon to Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Alcohol Use Disorder 635 Heterogeneity of Alcohol Use Disorder and Variations in Course of the DisorderlPhenotype 636 THE OTHER HALF OF THE STORY: ETIOLOGY FROM A NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 638 Alcoholism as a Genetic Disorder 638 Intermediate-Level Etiology in Brain 641 Developmental Significance of Neural Models in Late Adolescence 642 OTHER EPIGENETIC ISSUES 643 The Nestedness of Environmental, Behavioral, and Neurobiological Risk 643 Stability and Change in Alcohol Use Disorder Over Time: Factors Predicting Recovery, or Not 644 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUDING SUMMARY 646 Redefining the Phenotype 646 Is the Child Father to the Man, or Mother to the Woman? Problems in Embracing a Developmental Psychopathology Paradigm 647 Articulating Specific Gene-Brain-BehaviorEnvironment Relationships 647 Summary and Concluding Remarks 648 REFERENCES 648